Building your Charms with Github Actions

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For anyone interested in a concrete, working example for GitLab CI, using approach (1) from above:

# FILE: .gitlab-ci.yml
charm:
  image: registry.gitlab.com/en-ser-public/gitlab-cicd-docker/build-charms-docker
  stage: build
  script:
  - charmcraft pack --destructive-mode
  artifacts:
    paths:
    - '*.charm'

The Dockerfile for the build image used above is very simple, installing charmcraft as described in the README:

FROM ubuntu:22.04

ARG CHARMCRAFT_VERSION=2.2.0
ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive

RUN apt-get update \
 && apt-get upgrade -y \
 && apt-get install -y \
    curl \
    git \
    libapt-pkg-dev \
    libffi-dev \
    libssl-dev \
    python3 \
    python3-pip \
    python3-venv \
 && apt-get clean \
 && pip3 install https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+archive/primary/+sourcefiles/python-apt/2.3.0ubuntu2/python-apt_2.3.0ubuntu2.tar.xz \
 && pip3 install charmcraft==$CHARMCRAFT_VERSION

I found helpful background details on --destructive-mode in Charmcraft bases & provider support.